淡水生态学之母

While Kathleen Carpenter has largely been forgotten in the modern day, her work in higher education revolutionized many aspects of modern science. 在一个 spurned professional women, Carpenter fought to receive a doctoral degree from the University of Wales in the 1920s and fought for the acceptance of women into graduate 学校. In a field that neglected freshwater biology in favor of marine biology, 卡彭特1928年的教科书 内河生物 marked the first freshwater 生态 textbook ever written in English; as a result of her studies and publications, Carpenter become known as “the mother of freshwater 生态.” And in a world that provided her research opportunities at countless institutions—the University of Wales in Cardiff, the British Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in London, and Harvard University in Cambridge—Carpenter’s desire to teach brought her to 九州娱乐官网, where she was head of the Department of Biology from 1931 to 1936.

Kathleen Edithe Zimmermann was born in Gainsborough, England, on March 24, 1891. 她的 mother was Victoria Boor from Cambridgeshire and her father, Francis Zimmermann, was 一位来自德国的成功商人. Unlike many other fathers of his time, Zimmermann believed in the education of daughters, and Kathleen enrolled 在美国niversity College of Wales Aberystwyth, one of the first colleges in Britain to provide 所有-female accommodations, in 1907.

Kathleen earned her bachelor’s degree from Aberystwyth in 1910 and studied for her master’s and doctoral degrees, focusing on the impacts of lead and zinc mining in 她大学周围的地区. She produced the first detailed assessment of British running-water fauna and discovered that toxic salts from nearby mines had suffocated countless fish and caused the extinction of two species of mollusks. 同时， however, tensions from the start of World War I began to rock the British community; after one German lecturer was run out of town by a mob in 1914, Kathleen changed her last name to Carpenter–the English translation of Zimmermann.

After receiving her master’s and doctoral degrees in the 1920s, Carpenter published 内河生物 in 1928. The book’s publication provided her with countless research opportunities 在美国.S., from further research in metal toxicity in fish while at Illinois State University, to performing physiological research work at Radcliffe College, the female 相当于全男生的哈佛学院. 然而卡朋特的第一次正式教学 role came in the f所有 of 1931, when she came to 九州娱乐官网 as the head of 生物系.